FIT TO DIVE

Does scuba diving have any impact on the mental wellbeing of adults?

Recent studies have explored the potential mental health benefits of scuba diving. Research indicates that scuba diving can have positive effects on mental health, particularly for individuals with chronic or psychiatric illnesses (Carreño et al., 2020). Active scuba divers in the United States generally report good physical and mental health, despite being more likely to be overweight (Buzzacott et al., 2022). A survey of UK divers found mental health issues at rates comparable to the general population, with many respondents believing diving to be beneficial for mental health (St Leger Dowse et al., 2019). An exploratory trial demonstrated that recreational diving practice can reduce perceived stress and improve mood, with effects lasting up to one month post-diving (Bénéton et al., 2017). However, some divers with mental health conditions do not comply with medical guidelines regarding disclosure and medication use while diving (St Leger Dowse et al., 2019), highlighting the need for improved diver education and evidence-based protocols. [See the summary and links to papers].

Does scuba diving have any beneficial impact on physical health conditions in adults?

Scuba diving offers significant benefits for people with physical disabilities, improving various aspects of their health and quality of life. Studies have shown that diving enhances self-efficacy, social health, psychological well-being, and physical health among individuals with physical impairments (Tania Santiago Perez et al., 2023; Henrykowska et al., 2021). Participants reported increased self-esteem, self-confidence, and improved social interactions (Henrykowska et al., 2021). The aquatic environment facilitates muscle relaxation, potentially reducing spasticity and increasing joint range of motion (Guntur et al., 2023). Scuba diving also promotes independence and a sense of group affiliation (Guntur et al., 2023). Research using self-report questionnaire revealed significant improvements in physical functioning, social functioning, mental health, and vitality among divers with disabilities compared to non-divers (Henrykowska et al., 2022). These findings suggest that scuba diving has potential as a rehabilitation modality and health promotion activity for individuals with physical disabilities (Tania Santiago Perez et al., 2023; Henrykowska et al., 2021).  [See the summary and links to papers].

What is the impact of scuba diving interventions for neurodivergence including autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity conditions?

Water-based interventions, including scuba diving, have been explored for individuals with neurological disabilities, autism, and intellectual disabilities. A systematic review by Naumann et al. (2021) found limited research on scuba diving interventions, with only four low to moderate quality studies meeting inclusion criteria. These studies primarily focused on psychosocial effects, reporting improvements in self-concept, visual attention, and instruction comprehension. Participants found scuba diving enjoyable, with fun and excitement as key motivators. However, functional outcomes were not addressed, and conclusive evidence of effectiveness could not be determined. A broader scoping review by Naumann et al. (2021) examined various water-based interventions, including hydrotherapy, swimming, and scuba diving. This review identified 153 papers, with 18 specifically on scuba diving. The authors noted a lack of high-quality evidence across all intervention types and emphasized the need for further research to better understand potential benefits for the target populations. [See the summary and links to papers].

What is the impact of scuba diving interventions for military veterans?

Scuba diving therapy has shown promising results in rehabilitating military veterans with physical and psychological injuries from combat. Studies have found that it can lead to improvements in anxiety, depression, social functioning, and insomnia (Morgan et al., 2018). Veterans reported significant benefits, particularly for those with psychological injuries or co-morbid anxiety and chronic adjustment disorders (Morgan et al., 2018). The underwater environment provides a sense of weightlessness and requires complete focus, potentially contributing to its therapeutic effects (Morgan et al., 2018; Walker & Kampman, 2021). Additionally, scuba diving therapy has been associated with posttraumatic growth in veterans with PTSD, offering relief from anxiety and PTSD symptoms while facilitating human connection and meaningful leisure (Walker & Kampman, 2021). The activity not only reduces symptoms of physical and psychological ill-health but also promotes well-being and personal growth, suggesting it could be a valuable complement to conventional medical and psychological therapies for veterans (Walker & Kampman, 2021).

Recent studies have explored the potential benefits of scuba diving for military veterans facing mental health challenges and physical disabilities. Research indicates that scuba diving programs can significantly reduce symptoms of PTSD, depression, and stress among veterans (Dragana Krpalek et al., 2020; Ethan Blumhorst et al., 2020). Additionally, these programs have been shown to improve occupational performance, mindfulness, and contentment levels (Dragana Krpalek et al., 2020; Ethan Blumhorst et al., 2020). Underwater archaeology projects involving veterans offer opportunities to utilize military skills while providing therapeutic benefits (M. Hanks et al., 2021). For veterans with amputations, programmed diving instruction has demonstrated improvements in psychosocial status and quality of life (Z. Aganovic, 2019). The combination of scuba diving with occupational therapy may further enhance outcomes, including reduced anxiety and improved application of interventions to daily life (Dragana Krpalek et al., 2020). These findings suggest that scuba diving programs can be an effective therapeutic approach for veterans, addressing both mental health and physical rehabilitation needs.  [See the summary and links to papers].